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The following table presents the Linnæan arrangement of Birds in outline:—
Order I. Accipitres.
41. Vultur, vultures. Beak hooked; head bare: 8 species.[Pg 280]
42. Falco, eagles and hawks. Beak hooked; head feathered: 32 species.
43. Strix, owl. Beak hooked, feathers at its base directed forwards: 12 species.
44. Lanius, shrike. Beak straightish, notched: 26 species.
Order II. Picæ.
45. Psittacus, parrots. Beak hooked; upper mandible furnished with a cere: 47 species.
46. Ramphastos, toucan. Beak very large, hollow, convex, serrated; both mandibles incurved at the tip: 8 species.
47. Buceros, hornbill. Beak convex, curved, cultrate, large, serrated; forehead covered with a horny plate: 4 species.
46. Buphaga, beef-eater. Beak straight, somewhat quadrangular; the mandibles bulging: 1 species.
49. Crotophaga, plantain-eater. Beak compressed, half-eggshaped, arched, keeled on the back: 2 species.
50. Corvus, crows. Beak convex, cultrate; nostrils covered by recumbent bristly feathers: 19 species.
51. Coracias, roller. Beak cultrate, the tip incurved, not covered with feathers at the base: 6 species.
52. Oriolus, oriole. Beak conical, convex, straight, very acute; upper mandible slightly longer, and indistinctly notched: 20 species.
53. Gracula, grakle. Beak cultrate, convex, bareish at the base: 8 species.
54. Paradisea, birds of Paradise. Beak covered with the downy feathers of the forehead; feathers of the sides long: 3 species.
55. Trogon, curucui. Beak shorter than the head, cultrate, hooked, serrated: 3 species.
56. Bucco, barbet. Beak cultrate, laterally compressed, notched at the tip, incurved, opening to beneath the eyes: 1 species.[Pg 281]
57. Cuculus, cuckoo. Beak roundish; nostrils with a prominent margin: 22 species.
58. Yunx, wryneck. Beak roundish, sharp pointed; nostrils concave: 1 species.
59. Picus, woodpecker. Beak angular, straight, the tip wedgeshaped; the nostrils covered with recumbent bristly feathers: 21 species.
60. Sitta, nuthatch. Beak awlshaped, roundish, straight: 3 species.
61. Todus, tody. Beak awlshaped, a little flattened, obtuse, straight, with spreading bristles at the base: 2 species.
62. Alcedo, kingsfisher. Beak three cornered, thick, straight, long: 15 species.
63. Merops, bee-eater. Beak curved, compressed, keeled: 7 species.
64. Upupa, hoopoe. Beak arcuate, convex, a little compressed, rather obtuse: 3 species.
65. Certhia, creeper. Beak arcuate, slender, acute: 25 species.
66. Trochilus, humming-bird. Beak slender, longer than the head, its tip tubular: 22 species.
Order III. Anseres.
67. Anas, swans, geese, and ducks. Beak lamellated at the margin, convex, obtuse: 45 species.
68. Mergus, merganser. Beak denticulate, cylindrical, the tip hooked: 6 species.
69. Alca, auk. Beak short, compressed, convex, furrowed; the lower mandible with a prominent angle: 5 species.
70. Procellaria, petrel. Beak a little compressed; the upper mandible hooked, the lower channelled and compressed at the tip: 6 species.
71. Diomedea, albatross. Beak straight; upper mandible hooked at the tip, lower abrupt: 2 species.[Pg 282]
72. Pelecanus, pelican, gannet, shag. Beak straight, the tip hooked, unguiculate: 8 species.
73. Plotus, darter. Beak straight, sharp pointed, denticulate: 1 species.
74. Phaeton. Beak cultrate, straight, acuminate: 2 species.
75. Colymbus, diver. Beak slender, straight, sharp pointed: 11 species.
76. Larus, gull. Beak straight, cultrate, the tip a little hooked; the lower mandible with an angular prominence: 11 species.
77. Sterna, tern. Beak slender, nearly straight, acute, compressed: 7 species.
78. Rynchops, skimmer. Beak straight; upper mandible much shorter, lower abruptly terminated: 2 species.
Order IV. Grallæ, Waders.
79. Phœnicopterus, flamingo. Beak incurvated as if broken, denticulate; feet webbed: 1 species.
80. Platalea, spoonbill. Beak flattish, the tip dilated, rounded, and flat: 3 species.
81. Palamedea, screamer. Beak conical; the upper mandible hooked: 2 species.
82. Mycteria, jabiru. Beak acute; lower mandible trigonal, ascending; upper three cornered, straight: 1 species.
83. Cancroma, boatbill. Beak bulging; the upper mandible resembling a boat with the keel uppermost: 2 species.
84. Ardea, cranes and herons. Beak straight, acute, long, a little compressed, with a furrow from the nostrils to the tip: 26 species.
85. Tantalus, ibis. Beak long, slender, arcuate; face bare: 7 species.
86. Scolopax, snipes, curlews. Beak long, slender, obtuse; face feathered: 18 species.[Pg 283]
87. Tringa, sandpiper. Beak roundish, as long as the head; nostrils linear; feet with four toes: 23 species.
88. Charadrius, plover. Beak roundish, obtuse; feet with three toes: 12 species.
89. Recurvirostra, avoset. Beak slender, recurved, pointed, the tip flexible: 1 species.
90. Hæmatopus, oyster-catcher. Beak compressed, the tip wedgeshaped: 1 species.
91. Fulica, coot. Beak convex; upper mandible arched over the lower, which has a prominent angle: 7 species.
92. Parra, jacana. Beak roundish, bluntish; forehead wattled; wings spurred: 5 species.
93. Rallus, rail. Beak thicker at the base, compressed, acute: 10 species.
94. Psophia, trumpeter. Beak conical, convex, rather sharp; the upper mandible longer: 1 species.
95. Otis, bustard. Beak with the upper mandible arched: 4 species.
96. Struthio, ostrich and cassowary. Beak somewhat conical; wings unfit for flying: 3 species.
Order V. Gallinæ, Gallinaceous Birds.
97. Didus, dodo. Beak contracted in the middle, with two transverse rugæ; the tip of both mandibles bent inwards: 1 species, now extinct.
98. Pavo, pea-fowl. Head covered with feathers; feathers of the rump elongated, with eyelike spots: 3 species.
99. Meleagris, turkey-fowl. Head covered with spongy caruncles; the throat with a longitudinal membranous wattle: 3 species.
100. Crax, curassow-bird. Beak with a cere at the base; head covered with recurved feathers: 5 species.
101. Phasianus, pheasant. Sides of the head bare: 6 species.
102. Numida, Guinea-fowl. Carunculated wattles on each side of the face; head with a horny crest: 1 species.[Pg 284]
103. Tetrao, grouse and partridge. A bare papillar spot near the eyes: 20 species.
Order VI. Passeres.
104. Columba, pigeon. Beak straight; nostrils with a tumid membrane: 40 species.
105. Alauda, lark. Beak slender, pointed; tongue slit; hind claw very long: 11 species.
106. Sturnus, starling. Beak slender, flattened towards the point: 5 species.
107. Turdus, thrush. Beak tubulate, compressed, notched: 28 species.
108. Ampelis, chatterer. Beak awlshaped, depressed at the base, notched: 7 species.
109. Loxia, grossbeak. Beak conical, bulging at the base: 48 species.
110. Emberiza, bunting. Beak somewhat conical; lower mandible broader: 24 species.
111. Tanagra, tanager. Beak notched, awlshaped, conical at the base: 24 species.
112. Fringilla, finch. Beak conical, acute: 39 species.
113. Muscicapa, flycatcher. Beak notched, awlshaped, with large bristles at the base: 21 species.
114. Motacilla, wagtails, warblers. Beak awlshaped, tongue jagged; claw of the hind toe of moderate length: 49 species.
115. Pipra, manakin. Beak awlshaped, incurved: 13 species.
116. Parus, tit. Beak awlshaped, feathers at its base directed forwards; tongue abrupt: 14 species.
117. Hirundo, swallow. Beak very small, depressed at the base, incurved; the mouth wider than the head: 12 species.
118. Caprimulgus, goatsucker. Beak very small, incurved, depressed at the base; large bristles; the mouth very wide: 2 species.
