The Sayings Of Confucius


Page 23 of 23



[101]

BOOK XX[184]

1. Yao said, Hail to thee, Shun! The count that Heaven is telling falls on thee. Keep true hold of the centre. If there be stress or want within the four seas, the gift of Heaven will pass for ever.

Shun laid the same commands on Yü.

T'ang said, I, Thy little child Li, dare to offer this black steer, and dare to proclaim before Thee, Almighty Lord, that I dare not forgive sin, nor keep down Thy ministers. Search them, O Lord, in Thine heart. If Our life be sinful, visit it not upon the ten thousand homesteads. If the ten thousand homesteads sin, the sin is on Our head.

Chou bestowed great gifts, and good men grew rich.

'Loving hearts are better than near kinsmen. All the people blame no one but me.'[185]

He saw to weights and measures, revised the laws, and brought back broken officers. Order reigned everywhere. He revived ruined kingdoms and restored fiefs that had fallen in. All hearts below heaven turned to him. The people's food, burials and worship weighed most with him. His bounty gained the many, his truth won the people's trust, his earnestness brought success, his justice made men glad.

[102]

2. Tzu-chang asked Confucius, How should men be governed?

The Master said, To govern men we must honour five fair things and spurn four evil things.

Tzu-chang said, What are the five fair things?

The Master said, A gentleman is kind, but not wasteful; he burdens, but he does not embitter; he is covetous, but not greedy; high-minded, but not proud; stern, but not fierce.

Tzu-chang said, What is meant by kindness without waste?

The Master said, To further what furthers the people, is not that kindness without waste? If burdens be sorted to strength, who will grumble? To covet love and get love, is that greed? Few or many, small or great, all is one to a gentleman: he dares not slight any man. Is not this to be high-minded, but not proud? A gentleman straightens his robe and cap, and settles his look. He is severe, and men look up to him with awe. Is not this to be stern, but not fierce?

Tzu-chang said, What are the four evil things?

The Master said, To leave untaught and then kill is cruelty; not to give warning and to expect things to be done is tyranny; to give careless orders and be strict when the day comes is robbery; to be stingy in rewarding men is littleness.

3. The Master said, He that does not know the Bidding cannot be a gentleman. Not to know good form is to have no foothold. Not to know words is to know nothing of men.

FOOTNOTES:

[184] This chapter shows the principles on which China was governed in old times. Yao and Shun were the legendary founders of the Chinese Empire, Yü, T'ang, and Chou were the first emperors of the houses of Hsia, Shang and Chou, which had ruled China up till the time of Confucius.

[185] Said by King Wu (Chou). The people blamed him for not dethroning at once the tyrant Chou Hsin.

[103]

INDEX

The Index has been reprinted with few changes from the first edition, whilst the book itself has been revised. There are therefore slight differences here and there between the two.

(Aspirated and unaspirated letters have been treated as different letters. The aspirated letter follows immediately the unaspirated; e.g. t'a comes after tung.)

  • Ai, Duke of Lu, name Chiang, reigned 494-68 b.c.;
    • ii. 19, asks how to make his people loyal;
    • iii. 21, asks Tsai Wo about the shrines to guardian spirits;
    • vi. 2, asks which disciples are fond of learning;
    • xii. 9, asks what to do in this year of dearth;
    • xiv. 22, does not avenge the murder of Duke of Ch'i.
  • Ao, xiv. 6, a man of the Hsia dynasty famous for his strength.
  • Chang, xix. 15, 16 = Tzu-chang, whom see.
  • Chao, vi. 14, Prince of Sung, his beauty.
  • Chao, Duke of Lu, reigned 541-10 b.c.;
    • vii. 30 (and note), the Master deems him well bred.
  • Chao, one of the great families that governed the state of Chin;
    • xiv. 12, Meng Kung-ch'o, fit to be steward of.
  • Chao-nan, xvii. 10, the first book of the Book of Poetry, a collection of old Chinese songs.
  • Cheng, a state of ancient China;
    • xv. 10, its wanton music;
    • xvii. 18, its strains confound sweet music.
  • Chi, or Chi-sun, one of the three great houses of Lu, who had grasped all power in the state. The others were Meng-sun and Shu-sun. They were all descended from Duke Huan by a concubine.
  • Chi, the Chi, head of the Chi clan, first Chi Huan and then Chi K'ang;
    • iii. 1, had eight rows of dancers in his hall;
    • iii. 6, worshipped on Mount T'ai;
    • vi. 7, wishes to make Min Tzu-ch'ien governor of Pi;
    • xi. 16, richer than the Duke of Chou;
    • xiii. 2, Chung-kung is his steward;
    • xvi. 1, is about to chastise Chuan-yü;
    • xviii. 3, Ching, Duke of Ch'i, would set him above Confucius.
  • Chi, xiv. 6 = Hou Chi, director of husbandry under the Emperor Yao, and ancestor of the Chou dynasty.
  • Chi, iii. 9, a small state. [104]
  • Chi, xviii. 1, another small state. Lord of Chi: an uncle of the tyrant Chou, last of the Yin dynasty. He was imprisoned for chiding the emperor, and to escape death feigned madness.
  • Chi Huan, head of the Chi clan + 491 b.c.;
    • xviii. 4, accepts singing girls from Ch'i.
  • Chi-kua, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Chi K'ang, of the great house of Chi of Lu, succeeded Chi Huan as chief, 491 b.c. (see note to xii. 17);
    • ii. 20, told how to make the people respectful, faithful, and willing;
    • vi. 6, asks whether certain disciples were fit for power;
    • x. 11, presents the Master with medicine;
    • xi. 6, asks which disciples were fond of learning;
    • xii. 17, asks how to rule;
    • xii. 18, is vexed by robbers;
    • xii. 19, asks whether we should kill the bad;
    • xiv. 20, asks how Duke Ling escapes ruin.
  • Chi-lu, another name for Tzu-lu.
  • Chi-sui, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Chi-sun, xiv. 38, or Chi (which see), probably Chi Huan, the head of the house.
  • Chi Tzu-ch'eng, xii. 8, a lord of Wei, says, A gentleman is all nature.
  • Chi Tzu-jan, younger brother of Chi Huan;
    • xi. 23, asks whether Yu and Ch'iu are statesmen.
  • Chi Wen, v. 19, a lord of Lu, thought thrice before acting.
  • Chieh-ni, xviii. 6, says the world is a seething torrent.
  • Chieh-yü, xviii. 5, a famous man of Ch'u, who, disapproving of his king's conduct, supported himself by husbandry, and feigned madness in order to escape being forced into the king's service.
  • Chien, xiv. 22, Duke of Ch'i, murdered by Ch'en Ch'eng 481 b.c.
  • Chih, music-master of Lu; viii. 15, how grand was the ending of the Kuan-chü in his day;
  • Chin, xiv. 16, an ancient state. Duke Wen of Chin was deep but dishonest.
  • Ching, Duke of Ch'i. Confucius was in Ch'i in 517 b.c.;
    • xii. 11, asks what is kingcraft;
    • xvi. 12, had a thousand teams of horses, but no man praised him;
    • xviii. 3, would set Confucius between the Chi and the Meng.
  • Ching, xiii. 8, of ducal house of Wei, was wise in his private life.
  • Chiu, brother of Duke Huan of Ch'i;
    • xiv. 17, 18, slain by his brother.
  • Chou, the reigning dynasty in Confucius's time, ii. 23, iii. 14, iii. 21, xv. 10, xviii. 11.
  • Chou, viii. 20 = King Wen. [105]
  • Chou, xx. 1 = King Wu.
  • Chou, the Duke of, see note to vii. 5;
    • vii. 5, Confucius sees him no more in his dreams;
    • viii. 11, his gifts, if coupled with pride and meanness, would not be worth a glance;
    • xi. 16, the Chi richer than he;
    • xviii. 10, his instructions to his son.
  • Chou, or Chou Hsin (reigned 1154-22 b.c.), the last emperor of the house of Yin, an infamous tyrant, finally overthrown by King Wu, when he perished in his burning palace;
    • xix. 20, his wickedness was not so great.
  • Chou Jen, an ancient worthy;
    • xvi. 1, said, He that can put forth his strength....
  • Chu-chang, xviii. 8, a man who fled the world.
  • Chuan-yü, a small state in Lu, tributary to Lu;
    • xvi. 1, the Chi proposes to chastise it.
  • Chuang of Pien, xiv. 13, his boldness.
  • Chung-hu, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Chung-kung, a disciple of Confucius: name Jan Yung, style Chung-kung, born 523 b.c.;
    • v. 4, said to have a glib tongue;
    • vi. 1, might fill the seat of a prince: his views on laxity;
    • vi. 4, likened to the red calf of a brindled cow;
    • xi. 2, was of noble life;
    • xii. 2, asks what is love;
    • xiii. 2, when steward of the Chi asks how to rule.
  • Chung-mou, a town in Chin, belonging to the Chao family;
    • xvii. 7, held by Pi Hsi in rebellion.
  • Chung-ni, xix. 22, 23 = Confucius.
  • Chung-shu Yü, minister of Wei, son of K'ung-wen;
    • xiv. 20, in charge of the guests.
  • Chung-tu, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Chung Yu: see Tzu-lu.
  • Chü-fu, xiii. 17, a town in Lu, Tzu-hsia governor of it.
  • Chüeh, xviii. 9, bandmaster of Lu, went to Ch'in.
  • Ch'ai, a disciple of Confucius, name Kao Ch'ai, style Tzu-kao;
    • xi. 17, is simple;
    • xi. 24, made governor of Pi.
  • Ch'ang-chü, xviii. 6, says Confucius knows the ford.
  • Ch'en, a state in China; v. 21, xi. 2, xv. 1.
  • Ch'en, judge of; vii. 30, asks whether Duke Chao was well bred.
  • Ch'en Ch'eng, posthumous title of Ch'en Heng, minister of Ch'i;
    • xiv. 22, murders Duke Chien of Ch'i.
  • Ch'en K'ang, xvi. 13 = Tzu-ch'in, whom see.
  • Ch'en Tzu-ch'in = Tzu-ch'in, whom see.
  • Ch'en Wen, a lord of Ch'i;
    • v. 18, forsook his land when Ts'ui murdered the king. [106]
  • Ch'i, a state in ancient China, vii. 13, xviii. 3, xviii. 9;
    • v. 18, its king slain by Ts'ui;
    • vi. 3, Tzu-hua sent there;
    • vi. 22, by a single revolution might equal Lu;
    • xiv. 16, Duke Huan of, was honest but shallow;
    • xvi. 12, Duke Ching of, had a thousand teams of horses;
    • xviii. 4, the men of, send singing girls to Chi Huan.
  • Ch'i-tiao K'ai, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jo;
    • v. 5, wants confidence to take office.
  • Ch'ih, the name of Kung-hsi Hua, whom see.
  • Ch'in, a state in western China, xviii. 9.
  • Ch'iu, the name of Jan Yu, whom see; xiv. 34, the name of Confucius.
  • Ch'u, an ancient state, xviii. 5, 9.
  • Ch'ü Po-yü, minister of Wei, a friend of Confucius, who stayed with him when in Wei;
    • xiv. 26, sends an envoy to Confucius;
    • xv. 6, what a gentleman he was!
  • Ch'üeh, a village;
    • xiv. 47, a lad from, made messenger by Confucius.
  • Fan Ch'ih, a disciple of Confucius, name Fan Hsü, style Tzu-ch'ih;
    • ii. 5, asks meaning of obedience to parents;
    • vi. 20, asks what is wisdom, and love;
    • xii. 21, asks how to raise the mind;
    • xii. 22, asks what is love, and wisdom;
    • xiii. 4, asks to be taught husbandry;
    • xiii. 19, asks what is love.
  • Fang, xiv. 15, a town of Lu, a fief in the hands of Tsang Wu-chung.
  • Fang-shu, xviii. 9, drum-master of Lu, crossed the river.
  • Han, xviii. 9, the river that enters the Yangtze at Hankow.
  • Hsia = China, also the name of a dynasty, ii. 23, iii. 9, 21, xv. 10.
  • Hsiang, xviii. 9, who played the sounding stones, crossed the sea.
  • Hsieh, xiv. 12, a small state: Meng Kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of.
  • Hsien, xiv. 1: see Yüan Ssu.
  • Hsien, xiv. 19, steward to Kung-shu Wen; goes to court with him.
  • Hu, vii. 28, a village: it was ill talking to the people of.
  • Huan, the three;
    • xvi. 3, the three sons of Duke Huan of Lu, from whom the families of Meng, Shu, and Chi were descended, as also the powerless reigning duke of Lu.
  • Huan, Duke of Ch'i: see note to xiv. 17;
    • xiv. 16, was honest but shallow;
    • xiv. 17, 18, slays the young duke Chiu.
  • Huan T'ui, vii. 22, an officer of Sung, cannot harm the Master, if Heaven protect him.
  • Hui: see Yen Yüan. [107]
  • Jan Ch'iu: see Jan Yu.
  • Jan Po-niu, a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Keng, style Po-niu, born 544 b.c.; xi. 2, was of noble life.
  • Jan Yu, a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Ch'in, style Tzu-yu, born 520 b.c.;
    • iii. 6, cannot stop the Chi worshipping on Mount T'ai;
    • v. 7, the Master cannot say that he has love;
    • vi. 3, gives Tzu-hua's mother grain;
    • vi. 6, has ability and so is fit to govern;
    • vi. 10, lacks strength to follow Confucius;
    • vii. 14, asks whether the Master is for the King of Wei;
    • xi. 2, was a statesman;
    • xi. 12, was fresh and frank;
    • xi. 16, is tax-gatherer to the Chi;
    • xi. 21, asks whether he shall do all that he is taught;
    • xi. 23, is a tool, not a statesman;
    • xi. 25, wishes for charge of sixty, or seventy, square miles;
    • xiii. 9, drives the Master towards Wei;
    • xiii. 14, says business of state detained him at court;
    • xiv. 13, his skill;
    • xvi. 1, is minister to the Chi, when he proposes to attack Chuan-yü.
  • Ju Pei, an officer of Lu, who had been taught by Confucius;
    • xvii. 20, wishes to see Confucius, who pleads sickness.
  • Kan, xviii. 9, music-master of Lu, went to Ch'u.
  • Kao-tsung, the Emperor Wu Ting of the house of Yin, reigned 1324-1265 b.c.;
    • xiv. 43, on the death of his predecessor did not speak for three years.
  • Kao-yao, xii. 22, made criminal judge by Shun and evil vanished.
  • Kuan Chung, personal name Yi-wu, chief minister to Duke Huan of Ch'i, + 645 b.c.: see notes to iii. 22, xiv. 17;
    • iii. 22, Confucius calls him shallow;
    • xiv. 10, he thrust the Po from the town of Pien;
    • xiv. 17, would not die with the young duke Chiu;
    • xiv. 18, should he have drowned in a ditch?
  • Kung-ch'o xiv. 13: see Meng Kung-ch'o.
  • Kung-hsi Hua, a disciple of Confucius, name Kung-hsi Ch'ih, style Tzu-hua, born in Lu, 510 b.c. He was entrusted with the management of the Master's funeral;
    • v. 7, the Master cannot say whether he has love;
    • vi. 3, sent to Ch'i; Confucius is asked to give his mother grain;
    • vii. 33, says the disciples cannot learn the Master's endless craving;
    • xi. 21, is puzzled by the Master's different answers;
    • xi. 25, would like to play an humble part in Ancestral Temple.
  • Kung-ming Chia a man of Wei;
    • xiv. 14, says Kung-shu Wen speaks when it is time to speak.
  • Kung-shan Fu-jao, xvii. 5, a confederate of Yang Huo, held Pi in rebellion. [108]
  • Kung-shu, the name of a great family in Wei.
  • Kung-shu Wen, of the above family, a minister of Wei;
    • xiv. 14, said not to speak, or laugh, or take a gift;
    • xiv. 19, goes to court with his ex-steward.
  • Kung-sun Ch'ao, xix. 22, asks, 'Where did Confucius get his learning?'
  • Kung-yeh Ch'ang, a disciple of Confucius;
    • v. 1, married to Confucius's daughter, though he had been in prison.
  • K'ang, x. 11: see Chi K'ang.
  • K'uang, ix. 5;
    • xi. 22, a place where the Master was affrighted.
  • K'ung Ch'iu, xviii. 6, Confucius's name in Chinese. His style was Chung-ni.
  • K'ung-wen, the posthumous title of K'ung Yü, a lord of Wei;
    • v. 14, why he was styled cultured.
  • Lao, a disciple of Confucius, name Ch'in Lao, style Tzu-k'ai;
    • ix. 6, quotes the Master's saying that he learned a trade.
  • Li, xi. 7, Confucius's son: see Po-yü.
  • Li, xx. 1 = T'ang, whom see.
  • Liao, the duke's uncle; xiv. 38, a man of Lu, slanders Tzu-lu.
  • Liao, xviii. 9, bandmaster of Lu, went to Ts'ai.
  • Lin Fang, iii. 4, a man of Lu, asks what gives life to ceremony;
    • iii. 6, he and Mount T'ai.
  • Ling, Duke of Wei, the husband of Nan-tzu (vi. 26), reigned 533-492 b.c.;
    • xiv. 20, his wickedness;
    • xv. 1, asks about the line of battle.
  • Liu-hsia Hui, flourished about 600 b.c.: see note to xv. 13;
    • xv. 13, Tsang Wen would not stand by him;
    • xviii. 2, was thrice dismissed when judge;
    • xviii. 8, bent his will and shamed the body.
  • Lu, the native state of Confucius, iii. 23, v. 2, vi. 22, ix. 14, xi. 13, iii. 7, xiv. 15.
  • Lu, Duke of, xviii. 10, the son of the Duke of Chou.
  • Meng, or Meng-sun, one of the three great families that were all-powerful in Lu.
  • Meng, xviii. 3, the head of the Meng clan, Meng Yi.
  • Meng, the, xix. 19, makes Yang Fu criminal judge.
  • Meng Chih-fan, vi. 13, a lord of Lu, never bragged.
  • Meng Ching, son of Meng Wu, a lord of Lu;
    • viii. 4, comes to ask after the dying Tseng-tzu.
  • Meng Chuang, xix. 18, head of the Meng clan, his piety. [109]
  • Meng Kung-ch'o head of the Meng clan, minister of Lu;
    • xiv. 12, not fit to be minister of T'eng or Hsieh;
    • xiv. 13, his greedlessness.
  • Meng Wu, posthumous name of Meng Hsi, a lord of Lu, son of Meng Yi;
    • ii. 6, told that his parents are concerned for his health;
    • v. 7, asks whether certain disciples have love.
  • Meng Yi, the posthumous name of Ho-chi, head of the Meng-sun, or Chung-sun, clan in Lu: a contemporary of Confucius;
    • ii. 5, asks the duty of a son;
    • xviii. 3, Ching, Duke of Ch'i, would set him below Confucius.
  • Mien, xv. 41, a blind music-master of Lu, comes to see Confucius.
  • Min Tzu-ch'ien, a disciple of Confucius, name Min Sun, style Tzu-ch'ien;
    • vi. 7, would rather cross the Wen than be governor of Pi;
    • xi. 2, was of noble life;
    • xi. 4, how good a son he was!
    • xi. 12, his winning strength;
    • xi. 13, does not talk, but what he says hits the mark.
  • Nan Jung, a disciple of Confucius;
    • v. 1, given Confucius's niece as wife;
    • xi. 5, would thrice repeat The Sceptre White.
  • Nan-kung Kuo, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jung, perhaps the same man as Nan Jung;
    • xiv. 6, how he prizes worth.
  • Nan-tzu, wife of Ling, Duke of Wei, a dissolute woman;
    • vi. 26, Confucius sees her.
  • Ning Wu, posthumous title of Ning Yü, a lord of Wei;
    • v. 20, such simplicity as his is beyond our reach.
  • Pi, a town of Lu, belonging to the Chi;
    • vi. 7, Min Tzu-ch'ien refuses the governorship of;
    • xi. 24, Tzu-kao made governor of;
    • xvi. 1, Chuan-yü is strong and close to Pi;
    • xvii. 5, held in rebellion by Kung-shan Fu-jao.
  • Pi Hsi, governor of Chung-mou in Chin for the family of Chao;
    • xvii. 7, summons Confucius.
  • Pi-kan, uncle of the tyrant Chou (reigned 1154-22 b.c.), last of the house of Yin;
    • xviii. 1, died for his reproofs.
  • Pien, xiv. 10, a town in Lu given to Kuan Chung.
  • Po, the, xiv. 10, a lord of Ch'i. Duke Huan takes from him the town of Pien and gives it to Kuan Chung.
  • Po-kuo, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Po-niu, a disciple of Confucius, name Jan Keng, style Po-niu, born 544 b.c.;
    • vi. 8, why should he die of such an illness?
  • Po-ta, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Po-yi, elder brother of Shu-ch'i, lived in twelfth century b.c.; see note to v. 22;
    • v. 22, never recalled past wickedness; [110]
    • vii. 14, did not rue the past;
    • xvi. 12, men still sound his praises;
    • xviii. 8, would not bend the will.
  • Po-yü, Confucius's son;
    • xi. 7, buried without an outer coffin;
    • xvi. 13, told by his father to study poetry and courtesy;
    • xvii. 10, asked whether he had done the Chou-nan.
  • P'eng, vii. 1, a man of the Shang dynasty: Confucius likens himself to him.
  • P'i Shen, xiv. 9, a lord of Cheng, who drafted the decrees.
  • Shang, the name of Tzu-hsia, whom see.
  • Shao, the music of the time of Shun;
    • iii. 25, its beauty;
    • vii. 13, after hearing it the Master knew not the taste of meat for three months;
    • xv. 10, choose for music the Shao and its dance.
  • Shao Hu, a man of Ch'i: see note to xiv. 17;
    • xiv. 17, died with the young duke Chiu.
  • Shao-lien, a man supposed to have belonged to the savage tribes of eastern China;
    • xviii. 8, he shamed the body.
  • Shao-nan, xvii. 10, the second book of the Book of Poetry.
  • She, a district in Ch'u.
  • She, Duke of, vii. 18, asks Tzu-lu about Confucius, and is not answered;
    • xiii. 16, asks about government;
    • xiii. 18, says in his home an upright son bears witness against his father.
  • Shen, the name of Tseng-tzu, whom see.
  • Shen Ch'ang, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-chou;
    • v. 10, is passionate, cannot be firm.
  • Shih, xi. 15 = Tzu-chang, whom see.
  • Shih-men, a pass on the frontier of Ch'i;
    • xiv. 41, Tzu-lu spends a night there.
  • Shih-shu, xiv. 9, a lord of Cheng, criticised the decrees.
  • Shou-yang, xvi. 12, a mountain: Po-yi and Shu-Ch'i died at its foot.
  • Shu-ch'i, younger brother of Po-yi, whom see.
  • Shu-hsia, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Shu-sun Wu-shu, chief of the Shu-sun, Meng-sun, or Meng family, one of the three great houses of Lu, who controlled the state;
    • xix. 23, says Tzu-kung is greater than Confucius;
    • xix. 24, decries Confucius.
  • Shu-yeh, xviii. 11, an officer of Chou.
  • Shun, an emperor, successor of Yao (reigned 2255-05 b.c.);
    • vi. 28, still yearned to treat all with bounty;
    • viii. 18, it was sublime how he swayed the world and made light of it;
    • viii. 20, had five ministers, and order reigned;
    • xii. 22, raised Kao-yao, and evil vanished;
    • xiv. 45, still struggled to bring peace to all men; [111]
    • xv. 4, ruled doing nothing;
    • xx. 1, his instructions from Yao on coming to the throne.
  • Ssu-ma Niu, a disciple of Confucius, name Ssu-ma Keng, style Tzu-niu, a brother of Huan T'ui;
    • xii. 3, asks what is love;
    • xii. 4, asks what is a gentleman;
    • xii. 5, his sorrow at having no brothers.
  • Sung, a state, iii. 9, vi. 14.
  • Ta-hsiang, ix. 2, a village: a man from, says Confucius has made no name.
  • Tan-t'ai Mieh-ming, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-yü;
    • vi. 12, would not take a short cut.
  • Tien, xi. 25 = Tseng Hsi, whom see.
  • Ting, Duke, ruler of Lu, whilst Confucius was in office, reigned 509-495 b.c.;
    • iii. 19, asks how kings should treat ministers;
    • xiii. 15, asks whether any one saying can bless a kingdom.
  • Tsai Wo, a disciple of Confucius, name Tsai Yü, style Tzu-wo, died 480 b.c.;
    • iii. 21, explains what trees were planted round the shrines of guardian spirits;
    • v. 9, slept in the daytime;
    • vi. 24, asks whether a man who loves would go down a well;
    • xi. 2, was a talker;
    • xvii. 21, thought one year's mourning enough.
  • Tsai Yü: see Tsai Wo.
  • Tsang Wen, a minister of Lu;
    • v. 17, lodged his tortoise in a sculptured house;
    • xv. 13, filched his post.
  • Tsang Wu-chung, a minister of Lu, in the time of Confucius's father;
    • xiv. 13, his wisdom;
    • xiv. 15, forces his king's hand.
  • Tseng Hsi, a disciple of Confucius, name Tseng Tien, style Hsi, the father of Tseng-tzu;
    • xi. 25, the Master sides with him in his wish.
  • Tseng-tzu (the Master, or philosopher Tseng), a disciple of Confucius, name Tseng Shen, style Tzu-yü, born in Lu, 505 b.c., died 437 b.c.;
    • i. 4, questions himself thrice daily;
    • i. 9, tells how to revive the good in men;
    • iv. 15, says Master's teaching hangs on faithfulness and fellow-feeling;
    • viii. 3, when sick tells his disciples to uncover his feet and arms;
    • viii. 4, says when man must die his words are good;
    • viii. 5, when we can, to ask those that cannot;
    • viii. 6, says a man is a gentleman if no crisis can corrupt him;
    • viii. 7, says a knight had need be strong and bold;
    • xi. 17, is dull;
    • xii. 24, says a gentleman gathers friends by culture;
    • xiv. 28, says a gentleman is bent on keeping his place;
    • xix. 16, says Tzu-chang is so magnificent;
    • xix. 17, says man shows what is in him in mourning a near one; [112]
    • xix. 18, says Meng Chuang in not changing his father's rule is hard to rival;
    • xix. 19, tells Yang Fu not to be puffed with joy.
  • Tso Ch'iu-ming, v. 24, an ancient, his view of what is shameful.
  • Tung Meng, or East Meng, a mountain in Lu, at the foot of which lay the small state of Chuan-yü, whose ruler had the right to sacrifice to the mountain, xvi. 1.
  • Tzu-chang, a disciple of Confucius, name Chuan-sun Shih, style Tzu-chang, born 504 b.c.;
    • ii. 18, told how pay comes;
    • ii. 23, told how far the future can be known;
    • v. 18, asks whether Tzu-wen had love;
    • xi. 15, goes too far;
    • xi. 17, is smooth;
    • xi. 19, asks the way of a good man;
    • xii. 6, asks what is insight;
    • xii. 10, asks how to raise the mind;
    • xii. 14, asks what is kingcraft;
    • xii. 20, asks what is eminence;
    • xiv. 43, asks what is meant by Kao-tsung not speaking for three years;
    • xv. 5, asks how to get on;
    • xv. 41, asks, 'Is this the way to treat a music-master?';
    • xvii. 6, asks what is love;
    • xix. 1, defines a knight;
    • xix. 2, says goodness blindly clutched is nought;
    • xix. 3, asked about friendship by Tzu-hsia's disciples;
    • xix. 15, Tzu-yu thinks him void of love;
    • xix. 16, his magnificence;
    • xx. 2, asks how men should be governed.
  • Tzu-chien, a disciple of Confucius, name Fu Pu-ch'i, style Tzu-chien;
    • v. 2, what a gentleman he is!
  • Tzu-ch'an, chief minister of Cheng in the time of Confucius;
    • v. 15, the four things that marked him a gentleman;
    • xiv. 9, gave the final touches to the decrees;
    • xiv. 10, a kind-hearted man.
  • Tzu-ch'in, a disciple of Confucius, name Ch'en K'ang, style Tzu-ch'in, or Tzu-k'ang, born 512 b.c.;
    • i. 10, asks how the Master learns how lands are governed;
    • xvi. 13, asks whether Po-yü had heard anything uncommon from his father;
    • xix. 25, says the Master is no greater than Tzu-kung.
  • Tzu-fu Ching-po, minister to the Chi;
    • xiv. 38, has strength to expose Liao's body in the market-place;
    • xix. 23, tells Tzu-kung that Shu-sun thinks him greater than Confucius.
  • Tzu-hsi, xiv. 10, chief minister to the state of Ch'u. He refused to be appointed successor to the throne in place of the true heir; but did not oppose his master's faults, and prevented him employing Confucius.
  • Tzu-hsia, a disciple of Confucius, name Pu Shang, style Tzu-hsia, born 507 b.c.;
    • i. 7, says a man who knows how to do his duty is learned;
    • ii. 8, told that a son's manner is of importance;
    • iii. 8, the Master can talk of poetry to him;
    • vi. 11, told to read to become a gentleman;
    • xi. 2, was a man of culture; [113]
    • xi. 15, does not go far enough;
    • xii. 5, says all within the four seas are brethren;
    • xii. 22, says Shun raised Kao-yao, and evil vanished;
    • xiii. 17, when governor of Chü-fu asks how to rule;
    • xix. 3, says cling to worthy friends;
    • xix. 4, says small ways end in mire;
    • xix. 5, says he who recalls each day his faults is fond of learning;
    • xix. 6, says in wide learning and singleness of aim love is found;
    • xix. 7, says through study a gentleman reaches truth;
    • xix. 8, says the vulgar gloss their faults;
    • xix. 9, says a gentleman alters thrice;
    • xix. 10, says a gentleman will not lay on burdens before he is trusted;
    • xix. 11, says if we keep within the bounds of honour, we may ignore propriety;
    • xix. 12, says, Should a gentleman's training bewilder him?;
    • xix. 13, says a scholar with his spare strength should serve the crown.
  • Tzu-hua: see Kung-hsi Hua.
  • Tzu-kao, xi. 24: see Ch'ai.
  • Tzu-kung, a disciple of Confucius, name Tuan-mu Tz'u, style Tzu-kung, born 520 b.c.;
    • i. 10, tells how the Master learns about government;
    • i. 15, asks were it well to be poor but no flatterer;
    • ii. 13, told that a gentleman sorts words to deeds;
    • iii. 17, wishes to do away with sheep offering at new moon;
    • v. 3, is a vessel;
    • v. 8, cannot aspire to Yen Yüan;
    • v. 11, wishes not to do unto others what he would not wish done to him;
    • v. 12, not allowed to hear the Master on life or the Way of Heaven;
    • v. 14, asks why K'ung-wen was styled cultured;
    • vi. 6, is intelligent, and so fit to govern;
    • vi. 28, asks whether to treat the people with bounty were love;
    • vii. 14, will ask the Master whether he is for the King of Wei;
    • ix. 6, says the Master is many sided;
    • ix. 12, asks whether a beautiful stone should be hidden away;
    • xi. 2, was a talker;
    • xi. 12, was fresh and frank;
    • xi. 15, asks whether Shih or Shang is the better man;
    • xi. 18, hoards up substance;
    • xii. 7, asks what is kingcraft;
    • xii. 8, says no team overtakes the tongue;
    • xii. 23, asks about friends;
    • xiii. 20, asks what is a good crown servant;
    • xiii. 24, asks were it right for a man to be liked by all;
    • xiv. 18, thinks Kuan Chung showed want of love;
    • xiv. 31, would compare one man with another;
    • xiv. 37, asks what the Master means by no man knowing him;
    • xv. 2, thinks the Master a man who learns much;
    • xv. 9, asks how to attain to love;
    • xv. 23, asks whether one word can cover the duty of man;
    • xvii. 19, says were Master silent, what could disciples tell;
    • xvii. 24, asks whether a gentleman hates;
    • xix. 20, says the wickedness of Chou was not so great;
    • xix. 21, says a prince's faults are like the darkening of sun or moon; [114]
    • xix. 22, says the lore of Wen and Wu lives in men;
    • xix. 23, Shu-sun thinks him greater than Confucius;
    • xix. 24, says the Master cannot be cried down;
    • xix. 25, says none can come up to the Master.
  • Tzu-lu, a disciple of Confucius, name Chung Yu, style Tzu-lu, or Chi-lu, born 543 b.c., died 484 b.c.;
    • ii. 17, told what is understanding;
    • v. 6, the Master would take him with him to scour the seas;
    • v. 7, the Master cannot say that he has love;
    • v. 13, before he could carry a thing out, dreaded to hear more;
    • v. 25, tells his wishes;
    • vi. 6, is firm, and so could govern;
    • vi. 26, displeased at Master seeing Nan-tzu;
    • vii. 10, asks the Master whom he would like to help him command an army;
    • vii. 18, does not answer the Duke of She's question about Master;
    • vii. 34, asks leave to pray when the Master is ill;
    • ix. 11, makes disciples act as ministers;
    • ix. 26, would stand unabashed in a tattered cloak;
    • x. 18, gets on scent with Master;
    • xi. 2, was a statesman;
    • xi. 11, asks about death;
    • xi. 12, will die before his time;
    • xi. 14, what has his lute to do twanging at Master's door?
    • xi. 17, is coarse;
    • xi. 21, asks shall he carry out all that he learns;
    • xi. 23, is a tool, not a statesman;
    • xi. 24, the Master hates his glib tongue;
    • xi. 25, wishes for charge of a state crushed by great neighbours;
    • xii. 12, never slept over a promise;
    • xiii. 1, asks how to rule;
    • xiii. 3, says King of Wei looks to the Master to govern;
    • xiii. 28, asks when can a man be called a knight;
    • xiv. 13, asks what were a full-grown man;
    • xiv. 17, says Kuan Chung showed want of love;
    • xiv. 23, asks how to serve the king;
    • xiv. 38, slandered by Liao;
    • xiv. 41, spends a night at Shih-men;
    • xiv. 45, asks what is a gentleman;
    • xv. 1, cannot hide his vexation;
    • xv. 3, told how few know great-heartedness;
    • xvi. 1, is minister to the Chi, when he proposes to attack Chuan-yü;
    • xvii. 5, asks how could the Master join Kung-shan;
    • xvii. 7, asks how could the Master join Pi Hsi;
    • xvii. 8, asked has he heard the six words and the six they sink into;
    • xvii. 23, asks does a gentleman honour courage;
    • xviii. 6, asks Ch'ang-chü where the ford is;
    • xviii. 7, meets an old man bearing a basket.
  • Tzu-sang Po-tzu, vi. 1, a man of Lu, is lax.
  • Tzu-wen, v. 18, chief minister of Ch'u, his characteristics.
  • Tzu-yu, a disciple of Confucius, name Yen Yen, style Tzu-yu, born 510 b.c.;
    • ii. 7, told that feeding parents is not the whole duty of a son;
    • iv. 26, says nagging at princes brings disgrace;
    • vi. 12, when governor of Wu-ch'eng has Tan-t'ai Mieh-ming;
    • xi. 2, was a man of culture;
    • xvii. 4, encourages music in Wu-ch'eng;
    • xix. 12, says Tzu-hsia's disciples can sprinkle the floor; [115]
    • xix. 14, says mourning should only stretch to grief;
    • xix. 15, says Tzu-chang is void of love.
  • Tzu-yü, xiv. 9, a lord of Cheng, polished the decrees.
  • T'ai, a mountain, iii. 6.
  • T'ai-po, eldest son of King T'ai of Chou. His brother was the father of King Wen, whose son King Wu dethroned Chou Hsin and founded the Chou dynasty, that was reigning in China in Confucius's time: see note to viii. 1;
    • viii. 1, thrice he declined the throne.
  • T'ang, viii. 20, the dynastic title of the Emperor Yao.
  • T'ang, the founder of the Shang dynasty, reigned 1766-53 b.c.;
    • xii. 22, raised Yi-yin, and evil vanished;
    • xx. 1, his form of prayer.
  • T'eng, xiv. 12, a small state: Meng Kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of.
  • T'o, an officer of Wei holding a post in the temple;
    • vi. 14, his glibness;
    • xiv. 20, in charge of Ancestral Temple.
  • Ts'ai, a state, xi. 2, xviii. 9.
  • Ts'ui, v. 18, a lord of Ch'i, murdered his lord, 547 b.c.
  • Tz'u: see Tzu-kung.
  • Wang-sun Chia, a minister of Wei;
    • iii. 13, thinks it best to court the kitchen god;
    • xiv. 20, in charge of the troops.
  • Wei, one of the three great families that governed the state of Chin;
    • xiv. 12, Meng Kung-ch'o fit to be steward of.
  • Wei, xviii. 1, a small state in western China.
  • Wei, another state in China, ix. 14, xiii. 7, 8, 9, xiv. 42, xix. 22.
  • Wei, King of: see note to vii. 14;
    • vii. 14, Confucius not on his side;
    • xiii. 3, looks to Confucius to govern.
  • Wei, the lord of, xviii. 1, an elder brother by a concubine of the tyrant Chou Hsin (reigned 1154-22 b.c.), last of the Yin dynasty. He fled from court, since he could not improve his brother.
  • Wei-sheng Kao, v. 23, begs vinegar from another to give to beggar.
  • Wei-sheng Mou, xiv. 34, an old man who had fled the world, asks how Confucius finds roosts to roost on.
  • Wen, Duke of Chin, reigned 636-28 b.c., the leading man in China in his day,
    • xiv. 16, was deep but dishonest.
  • Wen, King, Duke of Chou, born 1231 b.c., died 1135 b.c., the father of King Wu, founder of the Chou line of emperors;
    • viii. 20, holding two-thirds of world submitted all to Yin;
    • ix. 5, since his death Confucius is the home of culture;
    • xix. 22, his Way lives in men. [116]
  • Wu, iii. 25, the music of King Wu, less noble than that of Shun.
  • Wu, xviii. 9, tambourine master of Lu, crossed the Han.
  • Wu, King, the founder of the Chou dynasty, reigned 1122-15 b.c.;
    • viii. 20, had ten able ministers;
    • xix. 22, his Way lives in men;
    • xx. 1, his principles of government.
  • Wu-ch'eng, a small town of Lu;
    • vi. 12, Tzu-yu governor of it;
    • xvii. 4, as the Master draws near he hears lute and song.
  • Wu-ma Ch'i, a disciple of Confucius, name Wu-ma Shih, style Tzu-ch'i, vii. 30.
  • Yang, xviii. 9, assistant bandmaster of Lu, crossed the sea.
  • Yang Fu, xix. 19, a disciple of Tseng-tzu, made judge.
  • Yang Huo, chief minister of the Chi, with whom he was long all-powerful; on one occasion he imprisoned his master; in 501 b.c. he was forced to leave Lu;
    • xvii. 1, wishes to see Confucius;
    • xviii. 4, accepts music girls.
  • Yao, the first Emperor of China (2357-2255 b.c.);
    • vi. 28, still yearned to treat all with bounty;
    • viii. 19, his greatness was like Heaven;
    • viii. 20, the wealth in talent of his last days;
    • xiv. 45, struggled to grow better and make all happy;
    • xx. 1, his commands to Shun.
  • Yen, xvii. 4, = Tzu-yu.
  • Yen Lu, xi. 7, father of Yen Yüan, asks for Master's carriage to provide an outer coffin.
  • Yen P'ing, v. 16, was versed in friendship.
  • Yen Yu, xix. 12 = Tzu-yu.
  • Yen Yüan (514-483 b.c.), the favourite disciple of Confucius, name Yen Hui, style Tzu-yüan;
    • ii. 9, is no dullard;
    • v. 8, Tzu-kung cannot compare with him;
    • v. 25, tells his wishes to the Master;
    • vi. 2, made no mistake twice;
    • vi. 5, for three months together did not sin against love;
    • vi. 9, his mirth under hardship;
    • vii. 10, could both fill a post and live happy without;
    • ix. 10, says, As I gaze it grows higher;
    • ix. 19, was never listless when spoken to;
    • ix. 20, had never been seen to stop;
    • xi. 2, was of noble life;
    • xi. 3, the Master got no help from him;
    • xi. 6, was fond of learning;
    • xi. 7, dies: his father asks for the Master's carriage;
    • xi. 8, dies: the Master says, I am undone;
    • xi. 9, dies: the Master overcome by grief;
    • xi. 10, the disciples bury him in state;
    • xi. 18, is almost faultless;
    • xi. 22, would not brave death whilst his Master lives;
    • xii. 1, asks what is love;
    • xv. 10, asks how to rule a kingdom.
  • Yi, xiv. 6, a famous archer of the Hsia dynasty, who slew the emperor and usurped his throne, but was afterwards killed in his turn. [117]
  • Yi, iii. 24, a small town on the borders of Wei: the warden says Confucius is a warning bell.
  • Yi-yi, xviii. 8, lived in hiding, but gave the rein to his tongue.
  • Yi-yin, xii. 22 (and note), made minister, and evil vanished.
  • Yin dynasty (2205-1766 b.c.), also called Shang, ii. 23, iii. 9, 21, viii. 20, xv. 10, xviii. 1.
  • Yu, the name of Tzu-lu, whom see.
  • Yu Jo, a disciple of Confucius, style Tzu-jo, sometimes called Yu-tzu, the philosopher Yu, born 520 b.c.;
    • i. 2, says that to be a good son is the root of love;
    • i. 12, says courtesy consists in ease;
    • i. 13, says if promises hug the right, word can be kept;
    • xii. 9, tells Duke Ai to tithe the people.
  • Yu-tzu: seeYu Jo.
  • Yung, v. 4: see Chung-kung.
  • Yü, viii. 20, the dynastic title of Shun, whom see.
  • Yü, xv. 6, a minister of Wei, his straightness.
  • Yü, xvii. 21 = Tsai Wo.
  • Yü, an ancient emperor (reigned 2205-2197 b.c.), founder of the Hsia dynasty, chosen by Shun as his successor;
    • viii. 18, he swayed the world and made light of it;
    • viii. 21, no flaw in him;
    • xiv. 6, toiled at his crops and won the world;
    • xx. 1, his instructions on coming to the throne.
  • Yü-chung, the younger brother of T'ai-po. He accompanied him in his flight to the wild tribes of Wu (the country round Shanghai), in order to let the third brother come to the throne, and succeeded T'ai-po as ruler of that people;
    • xviii. 8, lived in hiding, but gave the rein to his tongue.
  • Yüan Jang, an old, eccentric acquaintance of Confucius;
    • xiv. 46, awaits the Master squatting.
  • Yüan Ssu, a disciple of Confucius, name Yüan Hsien, style Tzu-ssu, born 516 b.c.;
    • vi. 3, refuses his pay as governor;
    • xiv. 1, asks what is shame.


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